Moksliniai tyrimai, kuriais remiasi „Sapiens“ diagnostika

In 158 dementia caregivers studied over eight days, the interaction of adult day service use and nightly sleep duration was tested against the daily CAR. Longer-than-average sleep without adult day service use was associated with a blunted CAR, while shorter sleep produced a dynamic rise regardless of service use. Adult day services moderated the sleep-CAR association.

This systematic review of 32 studies examined the cortisol awakening response as a potential monitoring biomarker for exercise stress. Effects were variable due to inconsistent designs and methods, suggesting a threshold of exercise may be needed to alter the HPA axis and that CAR interpretation in field research is challenging.

Using longitudinal MIDUS data, this study examined work alienation and its associations with biological, psychological, and social functioning. Alienated work was associated with higher allostatic load and poorer cognitive performance, with notable differences by sex.

RCT of dexmedetomidine versus saline in older patients after intestinal surgery, with urinary cortisol and melatonin and sleep quality (PSQI) measured across postoperative days. Dexmedetomidine improved sleep quality, reduced urinary cortisol, and increased melatonin versus control.

Factorial RCT of lavender-bergamot aromatherapy and/or mindfulness-based therapy versus control in postmenopausal women, with serum cortisol, menopausal symptoms, and sleep quality measured over 8 weeks. Aromatherapy and mindfulness improved menopausal symptoms and sleep quality, but serum cortisol did not differ significantly across groups (p>0.05).

In this RCT, 12 weeks of daily Heartfulness meditation significantly decreased serum cortisol, exhaustion, and cynicism versus sham meditation in stressed young adults. Well-being, professional efficacy, and serum nitrate/nitrite increased. Cortisol correlated positively with oxidative stress marker MDA.

In this RCT, 188 women undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery received a one-hour post-anesthesia music intervention or silent earphones, with serum stress hormones including cortisol and ACTH measured. The control group had significantly higher ACTH (P=0.03) and cortisol (P=0.003) than the music group, indicating music reduced the surgical stress response. Music also lowered postoperative anxiety, pain, and improved sleep quality.

In this RCT, women listened to researcher-selected music, self-selected music, rippling water, or silence after the Trier Social Stress Test. Subjective and biological stress markers did not show better recovery after music overall. Only the researcher-selected music condition showed a tendency to mitigate the continued post-stress rise in cortisol.

Three-arm RCT comparing face-to-face mindfulness, web-based mindfulness/ACT, and usual mental-health support in health care students, with hair cortisol as a secondary outcome. Mindfulness mitigated the rise in psychological distress during the academic year, but no significant between-group differences in hair cortisol were reported. Mindfulness reduced distress without a demonstrated hair-cortisol effect.

RCT of an 8-week mindfulness intervention versus wait-list in police officers, measuring psychological distress, hair cortisol, salivary diurnal slope, and cortisol awakening response. Mindfulness improved distress, mental health, and sleep, and produced a significantly lower CAR at 3-month follow-up, but had no effect on hair cortisol or diurnal cortisol slope. Mindfulness reduced the CAR specifically.

Cluster RCT of a 6-session emotion-socialization parenting program (TOTS) versus control, with hair cortisol measured in parents and toddlers at baseline and 12 months. Intervention children showed significantly greater reductions in systemic hair cortisol than controls (95% CI 0.01-0.35, p=0.041), while parent cortisol did not differ significantly.

28-day double-blind RCT of evening saffron extract (14 or 28 mg) versus placebo in adults with poor sleep, with evening salivary cortisol and melatonin measured. Saffron improved sleep quality and increased evening melatonin but did not significantly affect evening cortisol.

Three-arm RCT comparing MBSR, a stress management course, and wait-list in non-physician health workers, measuring psychological distress and salivary cortisol awakening response. MBSR reduced psychological distress post-intervention and was uniquely associated with a 23% decrease in the cortisol awakening response. MBSR lowered the CAR, though psychological benefits waned at follow-up.

In this three-armed RCT, prenatal music and singing interventions produced immediate positive effects on emotional state, stress (salivary cortisol), and bonding (oxytocin). The singing group showed a larger cortisol reduction than the music group. More prolonged effects appeared on self-efficacy and perceived closeness.

In this RCT, adding CBT to masking and sound therapy significantly decreased serum cortisol and increased serum IL-2 in chronic subjective tinnitus patients versus standard therapy. Depression, anxiety, and tinnitus handicap scores were significantly reduced. CBT relieved tinnitus symptoms by reducing mood disorders and stress.

Combat veterans with PTSD were randomized to body-scan mindfulness meditation, slow breathing, combined, or sitting quietly, with awakening salivary cortisol as a mechanistic outcome. The mindfulness meditation arm showed lower awakening cortisol within-group, but there were no significant between-group differences.

Pregnant women were randomized to prenatal meditation or control, with cord blood and infant salivary cortisol and infant temperament measured. Cord blood cortisol was higher in the intervention group and infants showed better temperament at 5 months. Prenatal meditation altered infant cortisol and behavior.

2x2 controlled experiment randomizing women to caloric monitoring and/or restriction (1200 kcal/d) for 3 weeks, with diurnal salivary cortisol and perceived stress measured before and after. Restricting calories increased total cortisol output, while monitoring calories increased perceived stress. A caloric-restriction diet intervention raised, not lowered, the cortisol stress biomarker.

Prospective study of 107 pregnant individuals and their neonates testing links between prenatal anxiety across gestation and neonatal hair cortisol. Higher pregnancy-related anxiety and a flatter decline over gestation were associated with lower neonatal hair cortisol, independent of general anxiety.

Study of 527 pregnant women in Lima, Peru, providing 6-cm hair samples to measure hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in early and midpregnancy and their association with insulin resistance and gestational diabetes. HCC was associated with increased fasting insulin and insulin resistance measures, but not with gestational diabetes.

Prospective cohort of 212 pregnant women with hair cortisol and cortisone quantified before birth and childbirth-related PTSD symptoms assessed postpartum. Trauma history predicted elevated hair cortisol and cortisone (not surviving Bonferroni correction) and higher CB-PTSD symptoms, but hair glucocorticoids did not predict or mediate CB-PTSD.

Study of 372 healthcare workers providing hair samples covering cortisol before and after COVID-19 onset, examining hair cortisol as a predictor of burnout and psychological health. Hair cortisol increased after pandemic onset (median 29% rise), and change in cortisol was associated with burnout status.

Prospective study of 194 geriatric care employees examining cross-sectional and prospective associations between burnout symptoms and hair cortisol. Significant nonlinear (exponential) but not linear relationships were found between aggregated burnout symptoms and hair cortisol.

In the Project Viva pre-birth cohort, this study examined associations of mid-childhood hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and its change with early-adolescent adiposity and cardiometabolic biomarkers over ~5 years. Mid-childhood HCC was not associated with adiposity or most cardiometabolic measures, except a slight increase in HOMA-IR.

Prospective study of 300 children and adolescents (4-18 years) determining hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in overweight and obese versus normal-weight subjects and its relation to cardiometabolic parameters. HCC did not differ significantly among weight groups and was not associated with cardiometabolic or body composition parameters.

Among 187 children/adolescents, child maltreatment was associated with higher allostatic load (B=0.18, p<.05), derived from 10 neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic and anthropometric biomarkers. AL significantly moderated the association between maltreatment and emotional/behavioral symptomatology (B=3.52, p<.05), especially internalizing symptoms (B=1.38, p<.05). A 3-biomarker index (diurnal cortisol, CRP, WHtR) most strongly predicted psychopathology severity (B=6.21, p<.05).

In 840 MIDUS Biomarker Project adults (mean age 54), structural equation modeling tested whether allostatic load or chronic disease burden mediated the link between social asymmetry (loneliness-isolation discrepancy) and cognition. Social asymmetry was associated with greater chronic disease burden but minimally with allostatic load; chronic disease burden, not allostatic load, mediated associations with episodic memory and executive function.

In 111 cognitively unimpaired older adults, higher allostatic load (18-biomarker composite) was associated with higher Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio (beta=0.004, p=0.010) and lower NfL (beta=-0.035, p=0.013). A significant interaction showed physical activity attenuated the AL association with the p-tau231/Abeta42 ratio (beta=-0.339, p=0.008), and AL correlated negatively with physical activity (beta=-0.899, p=0.009).

In 367 MIDUS adults with clinically significant depressive symptoms, latent profile analysis of 23 biomarkers across seven systems identified five allostatic biotypes (High Inflammation & Glucose, Low PNS, High PNS, Healthy Depression, High HPA-Axis). Childhood maltreatment significantly predicted membership in the High Inflammation & Glucose and Low PNS profiles versus Healthy Depression, while loneliness and recent stress were not significant predictors.

Among 164 major depressive disorder patients, the primary allostatic load mediators were examined in those with (n=46) and without (n=118) metabolic syndrome. In fully adjusted models, epinephrine was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (p=0.007), and cortisol and epinephrine levels differed significantly between MDD patients with and without metabolic syndrome.

Study of hair cortisol concentrations and perceived stress in 7-year-old children at familial high-risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder versus controls. High-risk children did not have higher hair cortisol than controls, though they reported higher perceived stress.

Study of 149 pregnant women from Greece, Spain, and Peru investigating associations between lifetime trauma, depression/anxiety symptoms, and hair cortisol concentrations (2-cm segments). Trauma load was negatively associated with HCC and positively with symptoms, and HCC was negatively associated with symptoms.

Study of 271 children (9-11 years) assessing diurnal salivary cortisol slopes, hair cortisol, and subclinical CVD indicators (pulse wave velocity, intima-media thickness). Black children had higher hair cortisol and thicker IMT than White children, with a significant pathway from race to hair cortisol to IMT.

Among 294 adult cancer survivors in NHANES 2007-2018, higher allostatic load was associated with higher depressive symptom scores, with elevated depression risk concentrated in the highest AL quartile (21% high risk vs 8-11% in lower quartiles). The relationship was significant only among survivors with lower income.

Study of 130 high-risk young adults with prior youth residential care placements exploring associations of childhood adversities, traumatic exposures, and PTSD with telomere length and hair cortisol concentration. Traumatic exposures and PTSD were associated with lower hair cortisol, consistent with hypocortisolism in PTSD.

Study of Mexican women (hair cortisol in 539) investigating associations between serious financial difficulties, stress, and subclinical cardiovascular disease (carotid intima-media thickness, atherosclerosis). Financial difficulties were associated with subclinical CVD, but cortisol levels did not differ between groups.

This retrospective study of psychiatric hospital workers used structural equation models linking gender roles, workplace stress, allostatic load (23 biomarkers), and mental health. Both masculine and feminine individual gender roles had protective effects on depressive (R=0.289) and burnout (R=0.306) symptoms, but no association was found between occupational gender roles and either mental health or allostatic load.

Among 324 industrial workers in Germany, biological health status was determined by a 14-component allostatic load score, and psychosocial work characteristics were assessed via the SALSA questionnaire. Older individuals and men had significantly higher AL, and of the work factors only job demands related significantly to allostatic load.

Systematic review of 19 RCTs on soy protein supplementation in athletes/active adults, including six studies on hormonal responses (testosterone and cortisol). Soy protein had an inconsistent effect on cortisol levels, with some studies reporting fluctuations but no clear direction. Soy improved lean mass and antioxidant status but its effect on cortisol was inconclusive.

This scoping review identified 6 intervention studies (sample sizes 2 to 733) that used allostatic load as an outcome, spanning all four body systems. Four of the six interventions produced significant reductions in allostatic load score, some as early as 7 weeks, suggesting AL is sensitive to change in response to interventions. The review calls for more AL-targeting interventions.

This systematic review of 44 studies found that of 33 biomarkers tested, 13 changed in response to music listening, with cortisol the most commonly analyzed. Half of clinical studies showed a stress-reducing (cortisol-lowering) effect of music listening. Effects appeared irrespective of genre, self-selection, or duration, suggesting music primarily modulates the stress response.

This systematic review of six studies examined mindfulness intervention effects on cortisol. Significant cortisol changes were observed in within-participants studies but not in randomised controlled trial designs. Findings were inconclusive, with methodological differences driving variation.

Ninety-one PTSD participants were randomised to eye movement desensitization or retrieval-only, with cortisol awakening response and daily AUC measured before and after treatment alongside physiological reactivity. Cortisol measures showed an inconsistent pattern, with a higher CAR in retrieval-only than the EMD group after treatment and no group difference in AUC. Both conditions reduced physiological stress reactivity.

This RCT in veterans with chronic PTSD measured salivary cortisol awakening response across treatment arms (prolonged exposure, sertraline, and combinations). Combat veterans with PTSD had lower CAR AUCi than controls, and higher baseline CAR predicted poorer treatment response.

This phase III RCT tested Rhodiola rosea extract SHR-5 versus placebo in patients with stress-related fatigue over 28 days, measuring burnout, attention, and the salivary cortisol response to awakening. The treatment group showed reduced cortisol response to awakening stress compared with placebo, along with anti-fatigue and attention benefits.

Thirty patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and 29 controls each provided three saliva samples for CAR (awakening, +30, +60 min) and five for the diurnal slope across the periovulatory and premenstrual phases, with serotonin transporter PET. Patients showed attenuated cortisol peaks in the periovulatory phase, while controls showed plastic cycle-related changes. Cortisol peak concentrations correlated negatively with midbrain 5-HTT binding and depressive symptoms premenstrually.

This prospective study measured salivary cortisol over three days in 113 ovarian cancer patients before treatment and related cortisol slope, variability, and night cortisol to survival. Each cortisol measure was associated with decreased survival, with high night cortisol linked to a 46% greater likelihood of death and shorter survival.

This study compared allostatic load and cognition between 113 first-diagnosed drug-naive bipolar disorder patients and 115 healthy controls. AL was significantly higher in bipolar patients (U=5096, P=0.004) with lower RBANS and Stroop scores; in the male subgroup, AL negatively correlated with RBANS scores (r=-0.48, P=0.009).

Case-control study of 216 South African women examining whether hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) relate to PTSD and metabolic syndrome (MetS) co-occurrence. HCC were significantly higher in PTSD patients than trauma-exposed controls with a dose-response relationship, but MetS was not associated with HCC.

RCT comparing obesity surgery versus a 4-week low-energy diet producing similar weight loss, measuring cortisol and other hormones at fasting and during an oral glucose tolerance test. Cortisol during the glucose challenge increased after surgery but not after the low-energy diet, despite comparable weight loss. Weight loss by diet did not raise cortisol, whereas surgery did.

RCT randomizing chronically stressed healthy adults to 8 weeks of meditation, yoga, or stress education, measuring resting-state connectivity, perceived stress, allostatic load index, and NF-kB gene expression. Only the meditation arm showed reduced PCC-hippocampal connectivity, and these changes correlated with reductions in allostatic load index (r=0.58) and perceived stress. Meditation-related neural changes tracked reductions in allostatic load.

Opioid use disorder patients on substitution treatment were randomized to a 2-month moderate aerobic exercise program or control, with salivary cortisol and beta-endorphin measured. Cortisol decreased in both exercise groups post-intervention (e.g., ~9.5 to ~2.8 ng/mL) and increased in controls, while beta-endorphin rose with exercise. Aerobic exercise substantially reduced salivary cortisol.

Adolescents with ADHD were randomized to a 3-week moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise program or control, with salivary cortisol measured. Self-reported stress decreased and salivary cortisol significantly increased (MD +0.09) immediately post-intervention, consistent with normalizing a low baseline cortisol; effects did not persist at 3-month follow-up. Exercise raised cortisol and lowered stress short-term.

Children aged 5-6 were randomized to nature-based or regular childcare once weekly for a month, with salivary cortisol, GI symptoms and gut microbiota measured. The nature group showed significant differences in salivary cortisol (reduced), GI score, and gut microbiota diversity versus regular childcare. Nature exposure reduced cortisol in young children.

In this double-blind RCT, eight sessions of cognitive bias modification for memory reduced stress vulnerability, negative explicit memory bias, and daytime salivary cortisol with a large effect size versus sham. Memory bias improvement correlated with cortisol reductions. The intervention also enhanced amygdala-orbitofrontal connectivity.

In this randomized pilot, 36 cardiac surgery patients received 15 minutes of either VR mindfulness or music therapy perioperatively, with salivary cortisol and anxiety measured. Both interventions significantly reduced preoperative anxiety (STAI scores) with no between-group difference, but salivary cortisol levels did not significantly change. Results support feasibility but showed a null cortisol effect.

In this three-arm RCT, medical students were allocated to digital detox plus alternative activities, screen-time reduction only, or control, with morning cortisol, CRP, IL-6, HRV, and psychometrics measured over 2 weeks. The detox-plus-activities group showed the largest improvements across biomarkers including cortisol, HRV, and stress/anxiety scores, while controls showed no significant change. Exact cortisol values were not numerically reported.

Cluster RCT of a Head Start healthy-lifestyle (nutrition/physical activity) intervention among socioeconomically marginalized dyads, with baseline chronic stress indexed by hair cortisol. Hair cortisol was measured as a moderator rather than an outcome: higher baseline parent and child hair cortisol blunted intervention gains in child fruit intake and physical-activity self-efficacy. The intervention did not lower hair cortisol; higher baseline cortisol predicted poorer behavioral response.

Randomized crossover trial of 14 days of low energy availability versus optimal energy availability in female endurance athletes, measuring systemic cortisol, immune-cell ROS, and performance. Low energy availability increased systemic cortisol by 22% and impaired exercise performance. Demonstrates that a dietary energy-restriction intervention raises the cortisol stress biomarker.

Double-blind RCT of low- or high-dose probiotic versus placebo for 28 days in mildly stressed healthy adults, measuring wearable-tracked sleep and serum cortisol among HPA-axis markers. Both probiotic groups improved sleep duration and showed a significant decrease in cortisol, alongside gut microbiota changes.

Secondary analysis of a three-arm RCT of 3 weeks placebo, melatonin, or melatonin plus bright-light therapy in adults with ADHD and delayed sleep phase, with cortisol awakening response collected. Melatonin decreased leptin and insulin, but other outcomes including cortisol remained unchanged, and melatonin plus light had no effect.

Crossover RCT of single-dose prolonged-release melatonin versus placebo in healthy volunteers, with salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase sampled at six time points. Melatonin improved sleep onset and duration but resulted in higher salivary cortisol at awakening and a nonsignificant tendency toward lower amylase.

RCT of hand massage, music therapy, or control during blood drawing in PICU adolescents, measuring pain, fear, and blood cortisol. Music therapy and hand massage reduced pain and fear versus control, but mean cortisol levels did not differ significantly between groups (p>0.05).

Randomized placebo-controlled trial of 2 mg sustained-release melatonin for 12 weeks in rotating night-shift workers, measuring circadian plasma cortisol and melatonin, blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Melatonin improved sleep quality but did not significantly change cortisol profiles, blood pressure, or insulin resistance.

Healthy men underwent fear extinction training followed by an exercise or rest intervention, with salivary cortisol measured. Exercise significantly increased salivary cortisol (and alpha-amylase, heart rate), confirming physiological activation. Contrary to hypothesis, exercise impaired rather than enhanced extinction memory retrieval.

University employees were randomized to mental contrasting with implementation intentions plus sleep hygiene or sleep hygiene alone, with the cortisol awakening response measured. Self-reported sleep improved overall, but there was no meaningful condition-by-week interaction for sleep parameters or CAR. The MCII intervention had no significant effect on cortisol (null).

In this RCT, a guided self-compassion writing task after the Maastricht Acute Stress Test had no significant overall effect on cortisol recovery in healthy males. Exploratory analysis showed the effect was prominent only when trait self-compassion was low. Findings suggest self-compassion induction may aid recovery in less self-compassionate individuals.

Healthy men were randomized to 30 min of treadmill exercise at 30%, 50% or 70% heart-rate reserve before a Trier Social Stress Test. Vigorous (70%) exercise dampened the subsequent salivary cortisol response, with lower total levels, blunted reactivity and faster recovery. Exercise dampened the HPA stress response in a dose-dependent manner.

University students were randomized to brief mindfulness training or an active control, with salivary cortisol measured. Both groups reduced negative affect and cortisol, and mediation analysis showed that training-induced state mindfulness mediated the decrease in perceived stress and cortisol. Mindfulness reduced cortisol via increased state mindfulness.

RCT of a mindfulness-based yoga intervention versus control in nurses and health care professionals, measuring diurnal salivary cortisol, blood pressure, and self-reported stress/burnout. Yoga significantly improved perceived stress, burnout, sleep, and mindfulness, but diurnal cortisol slopes and blood pressure were not significantly improved. Yoga reduced subjective stress without a significant effect on the cortisol biomarker.

RCT of a Family-based Mindfulness Intervention versus waitlist in disadvantaged families, measuring four-point salivary diurnal cortisol at baseline and post-intervention. Children in the intervention group showed significantly increased morning cortisol and steeper (healthier) diurnal slopes (d=0.50, p=0.04), and parents showed decreased evening cortisol (d=0.50, p=0.04).

Randomized crossover trial of late (22:00) versus routine (18:00) dinner with fixed sleep in healthy volunteers, measuring nocturnal plasma cortisol among metabolic outcomes. Late dinner induced nocturnal glucose intolerance, reduced fatty acid oxidation, and increased plasma cortisol, especially in earlier sleepers.

Pilot RCT assigning young adults to 8 weeks of Transcendental Meditation versus wait-list, measuring the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and Trier Social Stress Test cortisol. The meditation group had lower awakening cortisol and a greater drop in CAR from baseline to week 4 than controls, with no differences in stress-test cortisol. Meditation reduced the cortisol awakening response.

RCT of 8-10 week Cognitively-Based Compassion Training for parents versus waitlist, with hair cortisol measured in parents and children. Children of CBCT parents showed significant decreases in hair cortisol post-intervention versus controls, while parent cortisol did not change significantly.

Men were randomized to 30 min of moderate-to-high intensity cycling or light stretching before a psychosocial stress test, with salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase measured. Both acute and habitual exercise reduced stress activation, but only habitual exercise beneficially lowered peak cortisol levels. Exercise attenuated the cortisol stress response.

4-week RCT of higher (2.4 g/kg) vs lower (1.2 g/kg) protein diets during a marked energy deficit plus resistance and high-intensity interval training in young men. Serum cortisol changes were tracked and correlated with body composition: cortisol change was associated with change in fat mass (r=0.39) and lean mass (r=-0.34). Higher protein improved lean mass and fat loss, but cortisol explained little variance and was not itself reduced by the intervention.

RCT of graduated extinction, bedtime fading, or sleep-education control for infant sleep problems, measuring infant salivary cortisol among stress markers. Both sleep interventions improved sleep and showed small-to-moderate declines in salivary cortisol versus control, with no adverse stress or attachment effects.

Randomized double-blind crossover trial of nighttime smartphone use with conventional versus blue-light-suppressed LED, measuring serum melatonin and cortisol. Blue-light use decreased sleepiness and confusion and increased commission errors; changes in serum melatonin and cortisol were not statistically significant.

Across randomized controlled trials, smokers and nonsmokers received brief Integrative Body-Mind Training or relaxation, with salivary cortisol measured for stress response. Mindfulness training improved emotion regulation and reduced the cortisol stress response, alongside increased ACC/mPFC activity. Meditation lowered cortisol and improved self-control.

Pilot RCT nested in a smoking-cessation trial comparing mindfulness training versus cognitive-behavioral treatment, with hair cortisol measured pre-intervention and post-quit. Hair cortisol significantly decreased across the whole sample (d=-0.35), with significant reductions specifically in the mindfulness arm (d=-0.48) and among abstainers. Mindfulness training was associated with reduced hair cortisol.

Pilot RCT randomizing seventh graders to a 3-month Hatha yoga program versus attention control, measuring resting blood pressure and salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase awakening curves. Yoga lowered blood pressure (notably in prehypertensive youth) with a small-to-moderate favorable effect on alpha-amylase, but no statistically significant group difference in cortisol awakening curves. Yoga reduced blood pressure without a significant cortisol effect.

Undergraduates with mild-to-moderate depression, anxiety or stress were assigned to integrated yoga, yoga-as-exercise, or control, with salivary cortisol measured. Both yoga groups reduced depression and stress, but only the integrated yoga group (with ethical/spiritual component) showed decreased anxiety and decreased salivary cortisol. Integrated yoga lowered cortisol beyond exercise-only yoga.

Study of 152 participants (91 provided hair) examining whether generalized anxiety disorder symptoms and daily interpersonal processes predict emotional distress and hair cortisol concentration over two months. GAD symptoms prospectively predicted higher emotional distress and higher HCC.

Study of 90 women experiencing intimate partner violence using hair cortisol as an index of 30-day HPA-axis functioning and ecological momentary assessment of substance use. PTSD severity moderated relations between cortisol and drinking; under high PTSD symptomology, high-cortisol women drank more.

In the nuMoM2b cohort, 35.0% had high allostatic load (>=4 of 12 biomarkers) in the first trimester, and 8.3% had sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy. High AL remained significantly associated with sleep-disordered breathing after adjustment (aOR 5.3, 95% CI 3.6-7.9), independent of BMI.

Study of 53 participants measuring hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in the third trimester and six months postpartum alongside stress, anxiety, and depression and unpredicted birth complications. HCC was positively associated with distress scores and elevated in those reporting birth complications, and HCC predicted unpredicted birth complications.

Across three European cohorts (CoLaus, EPIPorto, Whitehall II; 16,364 participants), participants in the most deprived neighbourhood quintile had 1.13 times higher allostatic load than the least deprived (Q5 vs Q1 RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.09-1.16). The association was stronger among those with low individual socioeconomic position.

Study of 97 pregnant women in Lima, Peru, with segmented hair samples reflecting hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) from preconception through each trimester and various stress measures. Few associations between stress and HCC were observed, mostly restricted to preconception and first trimester.

Prospective study of soldiers examined before and 12 months after deployment testing whether baseline hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) predict PTSD symptom development. Lower baseline HCC and lower cortisol stress reactivity predicted greater increases in PTSD symptomatology after new-onset trauma.

This study of 5,799 US Hispanic/Latino adults examined associations of allostatic load (16 biomarkers) with cognition at baseline and over 7 years. Higher AL was associated with lower baseline and follow-up global cognition and word fluency, and with more pronounced 7-year reduction in global cognition, word fluency, and digit symbol substitution.

This longitudinal study of 2,223 urban adults examined baseline and change in allostatic load against 11 cognitive test scores. Baseline AL was significantly associated with worse Trail Making Part A (β=0.020, p=0.004) and increasing AL with worse Benton Visual Retention scores (β=0.35, p=0.002), but AL was not related to cognitive change over time.

Longitudinal study of Syrian refugee children/adolescents assessing relationships between war exposure, PTSD symptoms, and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) across two waves. HCC was positively but weakly associated with number of war-related events (in those exposed at age 12+), decreased with time since leaving Syria, and was associated with PTSD symptoms.

Using ELSA waves 2-6, this longitudinal study examined whether repeated effort-reward imbalance predicted allostatic load in older workers. Respondents reporting two or more occasions of imbalance had a 0.3 higher AL index than those reporting none, and more recent imbalance was significantly associated with higher AL.

Among 15,533 US adults in NHANES 2005-2010, each 1-unit increase in allostatic load index was associated with 13% higher odds of asthma (adjusted OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08-1.18), and ALI >=3 was associated with 45% higher odds versus ALI <=1 (OR 1.45). The association was stronger in women and lower-income individuals.

Among 16,666 NHANES participants, healthy dietary patterns (DASH, aMED, HEI-2015) were associated with lower odds of accelerated biological aging measured by allostatic load and three other indices, while a pro-inflammatory diet raised odds (highest vs lowest DII: AL OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.11-1.50). Systemic immune inflammation and atherogenic index of plasma mediated the associations.

Using NHANES data from 17,969 adults, this study tested a structural equation model regressing cancer occurrence on latent domains of allostatic load, mobility disability and viral exposure. The primary two-level model with three exogenous latent factors demonstrated a strong fit (GFI=0.948, RMSEA=0.024).

This longitudinal DREAM sub-study measured hair endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines, and cortisol in mothers, fathers, and children across the first two years postpartum in relation to postpartum depressive symptoms. Overall no significant associations were found, though depressive symptoms at eight weeks were associated with lower hair AEA at 14 months.

Prospective community cohort measuring hair cortisol, AEA, and 2-AG/1-AG annually over four years from 3-cm hair segments. Cross-sectionally, positive MDD screening was associated with reduced AEA and cortisol. Cross-lagged models showed AEA was negatively associated with subsequent depressive symptoms over time.

Using harmonized Norwegian health studies (264,824 participants, 346,312 examinations, 1994-2019), an 8-biomarker allostatic load score was analyzed across the life course. Participants with primary education had higher AL than more educated groups across all ages, and men had higher AL than women throughout the life course, revealing persistent socioeconomic and sex inequalities.

Using the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, early and prolonged poverty exposure (ages 0-3) was significantly associated with higher allostatic load at age 15, controlling for covariates. The indirect effect through child delay of gratification at 54 months was not significant, though individual pathways were.